/*
 * tarbiya — Janeway theme
 * Derived from the `clean` theme (Bootstrap 4).
 * Visual identity for educational and psychological science journals:
 * deep indigo authority, sage growth accents, warm parchment surfaces,
 * Literata headings, Manrope body, and first-class Arabic / RTL support.
 *
 * Everything below the token block is layout inherited from `clean`; restyle by
 * overriding the tokens (or a per-journal `tarbiya_override.css`).
 */

:root {
    /* Brand — indigo authority + sage growth */
    --brand-900: #243B6B;  /* header, nav, primary buttons */
    --brand-700: #3D5A80;  /* secondary surfaces, section labels */
    --brand-link: #23467F; /* body links — ~9.3:1 on white */
    --accent: #3F735C;     /* sage green for active states / growth */

    /* Surfaces */
    --surface: #F7F4EF;    /* warm parchment background */
    --surface-muted: #EEE8DF;
    --rule: #DDD5C8;       /* hairlines */
    --text: #1F2430;
    --text-muted: #4E5661;

    /* Typography */
    --font-heading: "Literata", "IBM Plex Sans Arabic", Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
    --font-body: "Manrope", "IBM Plex Sans Arabic", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
    --font-arabic: "IBM Plex Sans Arabic", "Noto Naskh Arabic", "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
    --reading-measure: 72ch;
}

/* stylelint-disable selector-list-comma-newline-after */

body {
    background-color: var(--surface);
    margin-top: 20px;
}

.container {
    background-color: white;
    padding-left: 0;
    padding-right: 0;
}

.site-header {
    background-color: var(--brand-900);
    line-height: 1;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
    padding: 15px;
    color: #FFF;
}

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
}

.article-title {
    font-size: 1.7em;
}

.display-4 {
    font-size: 2.5rem;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .display-4 {
        font-size: 3rem;
    }
}

main {
    margin-top: 20px;
    padding-left: 20px;
    padding-right: 20px;
}

main a {
    color: var(--brand-link);
    text-decoration: underline;
}

/* Do not automatically underline links that contain font-awesome icons */
main a:has(.fa) {
  text-decoration: none;
}

main a.btn,
main a.btn:hover,
main a.btn:focus,
main a.issue-hero-cta,
main a.issue-hero-cta:hover,
main a.issue-hero-cta:focus {
    text-decoration: none;
}

main a:focus {
    color: var(--brand-link);
}

main a:focus,
main a:hover {
    color: var(--brand-link);
}

.navbar {
    padding: 0;
}

.card-img-right {
    height: 100%;
    border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;
}

.flex-auto {
    -ms-flex: 0 0 auto;
    -webkit-box-flex: 0;
    flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.h-250 {
    height: 250px;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .h-md-250 {
        height: 250px;
    }
}

.border-top {
    border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
}

.border-bottom {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
}

.box-shadow {
    box-shadow: 0 .25rem .75rem rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);
}

/* Pagination */
.site-pagination {
    margin-bottom: 4rem;
}

.site-pagination .btn {
    text-decoration: none;
}

.news-post {
    margin-bottom: 4rem;
}

.news-post-title {
    margin-bottom: .25rem;
    font-size: 2.5rem;
}

.news-post-meta {
    margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
    color: #999;
}

/*
 * Footer
 */
.site-footer {
    padding: 2.5rem 15px;
    color: #5E5E5E;
    text-align: center;
    background-color: #FCFCFC;
    border-top: .05rem solid #e5e5e5;
}

.site-footer a {
    color: var(--brand-link);
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.site-footer p:last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.navbar-custom {
    background-color: var(--brand-900);
}

/* change the brand and text color */
.navbar-custom .navbar-brand,
.navbar-custom .navbar-text {
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);
}

/* change the link color */
.navbar-custom .navbar-nav .nav-link {
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);
}

/* change the color of active or hovered links */
.navbar-custom .nav-item.active .nav-link,
.navbar-custom .nav-item:hover .nav-link,
.navbar-custom .nav-item:focus .nav-link {
    color: #ffffff;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.fa-check {
    color: green;
}

.fa-times {
    color: darkred;
}

.btn-primary, .btn-primary:active, .btn-primary:visited {
    background-color: var(--brand-900);
    border-color: var(--brand-900);
    color: white;
}

.btn-primary:hover,
.bn-primary:focus {
    color: white;
    background-color: var(--brand-900);
    border-color: var(--brand-900);
    transition: all 1s ease;
    -webkit-transition: all 1s ease;
    -moz-transition: all 1s ease;
    -o-transition: all 1s ease;
    -ms-transition: all 1s ease;
}

.skipnav {
    text-align: left;
}

.skipnav a {
    position: absolute;
    left: -10000px;
    width: 1px;
    height: 1px;
    overflow: hidden;
    color: var(--brand-link);
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.skipnav a:focus, .skipnav a:active {
    position: static;
    left: 0;
    width: auto;
    height: auto;
    overflow: visible;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.contact h3 {
    font-size: 1.6rem;
}

.contact h4 {
    font-size: 1.3rem;
}

.card {
    margin-bottom: 15px !important;
}

.full-width-card {
    min-width: 100%;
}

.card img:not(.clean-banner-image) {
    max-height: 250px;
    object-fit: cover;
}

.footer-img {
    max-width: 100%;
    height: auto;
}

.carousel-min {
    min-width: 100%;
    min-height: 500px;
}

.carousel-caption {
    left: 0px;
    bottom: 0px;
    background-color: rgba(55, 55, 55, .8);
}

.carousel-caption h2 a {
    color: white;
}

.row-eq-height {
    display: -webkit-box;
    display: -webkit-flex;
    display: -ms-flexbox;
    display: flex;
}

.article-thumbnail {
    object-fit: cover;
}

.card-block {
    padding: 20px;
}

#carousel-buttons {
    margin-left: 100px;
    position: absolute;
    top: 5px;
    right: 5px;
}

.carousel-control-next {
	top: 40px;
}

.carousel-control-prev {
	top: 40px;
}

.carousel-item .carousel-caption {
  /* Bootstrap 4.4 hides the caption on small screens by default,
   * even for active carousel items.
   * This unhides them for accessibility. */
  display: block !important;
}

footer svg {
    height: 100px;
    width: 100%;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 990px) {
    .article-title {
        font-size: 1.1em !important;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 764px) {
    .article-title {
        font-size: 0.9em !important;
    }

    p {
        font-size: 0.7em !important;
        margin-bottom: 8px;
    }

    .card-img-overlay {
        padding: 10px;
    }

    .card img:not(.clean-banner-image) {
        min-height: 220px;
        object-fit: cover;
    }
}

.card-deck {
    padding-left: 15px;
    padding-right: 15px;
}

.article-title {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
}

.editor-name {
    font-size: 1.25rem;
}

.article-menu h2 {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
}

.white-text {
    color: white;
}

.white-text a {
    color: white;
}

.white-text a:hover,
.white-text a:focus {
    color: white;
}

.article-img {
    filter: brightness(50%);
}

.journal-name {
    font-size: 2.5rem;
    margin-bottom: .5rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    line-height: 1.2;
}

.header-image {
    max-height: 120px;
}

.orcid-img {
    height: 16px;
    width: 16px;
    display: inline-block;
}


.table-foot .table-footnotes li.fn {
    list-style-type: none;
}

.article-table {
  display: block;
  overflow-x: scroll;
}

.table-caption {
    margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.math-formulae {
    overflow-x: auto;
    padding-bottom: 1rem;
}

.journal-card-title {
    margin-bottom: 0;
    font-size: 13px;
}

.row-smaller-gutters {
    margin-left: -9px;
    margin-right: -9px;
}
.row-smaller-gutters > div[class^="col"] {
    padding-left: 9px;
    padding-right: 9px;
}
header svg {
    max-height: 120px;
    max-width: 100%;
}
.journal-div {
    padding-bottom:15px;
}
.journal-name {
    font-size: 1.4rem;
}
.journal-button-block {
    margin-top: 4px;
    margin-bottom: 4px;
}

.responsive-img {
    max-width: 100%;
}

.article-table {
  width: 100%;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  color: #212529;
}

.article-table th,
.article-table td {
  padding: 0.75rem;
  vertical-align: top;
  border-top: 1px solid #6c757d;
}

.article-table thead th {
  vertical-align: bottom;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #6c757d;
}

.article-table tbody + tbody {
  border-top: 2px solid #6c757d;
}

.article-table-sm th,
.article-table-sm td {
  padding: 0.3rem;
}


.homepage-element-search-bar input[type="text"] {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
}

.homepage-element-search-bar .input-group-text {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
}

#main_article {
    margin-top: 30px;
}

.page-link,
.page-link:hover,
.page-link:focus {
  color: var(--brand-link);
}

.page-item.active .page-link {
  background-color: var(--brand-link);
}

.social-share-btn{
    border: 1px black solid;
}

#article blockquote {
    background: #F0F0F0;
    border-left: 10px solid var(--brand-900);
    margin: 1.5em 10px;
    padding: 0.5em 10px;
}

#reflist ul{
    padding-left: 0;
}

#reflist li {
    word-wrap: break-word;
    list-style-type: none;
    padding-bottom: 8px;
}

.sticky-toc {
    position: sticky;
    max-height: 100vh;
    overflow-y: auto;
    top: 60px;
    z-index: 999;
}

.card.no-image {
    min-height: 200px;
    background-color: #f8f9fa;
}

.card.no-image .card-img-overlay {
    position: relative;
    background-color: #f8f9fa;
    padding: 1.25rem;
}

.card.no-image .card-img-overlay.white-text {
    color: #212529;
}

.card.no-image .card-img-overlay.white-text a {
    color: var(--brand-link);
}

.card.no-image .card-img-overlay.white-text a:hover,
.card.no-image .card-img-overlay.white-text a:focus {
    color: var(--brand-900);
}

#article iframe {
    max-width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    aspect-ratio: 16/9;
    margin: 1rem 0;
}
a {
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
}

a[target="_blank"] {
  white-space: nowrap;
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.25em;
}

.section-link {
    white-space: nowrap;
}

.section-link:not(:first-of-type) {
    margin-left: 0.5rem;
}

:root {
  --draw-attention: #FFEB3B;
}

.draw-attention{
    background-color: var(--draw-attention);
    transition: background-color 2s ease-out;
}

.back-links-list{
  list-style: none;
  padding-left: 0.2rem;
  margin: 0;
  display: inline;
  white-space: normal;
}

.back-links-list li {
  margin: 0;
  padding-left: 0.1rem;
  display: inline;
  white-space: normal;
}

.back-links-list li:not(:last-child)::after {
  content: " ";
}

.byline {
    font-size: 1rem;
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    margin-bottom: .5rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    line-height: 1.2;
}

.card-title{
    font-size: 1.5rem;
}

.superscript-icon {
   vertical-align: super;
   font-size: 0.7em !important; 
}

.pad-icon {
    padding-left: 0.4rem;
    padding-right: 0.4rem;
}

.dropdown-button{
    background: inherit;
    font-family: inherit;
    font-weight: inherit;
    border: 0;
}

.navbar-custom .nav-link.dropdown-toggle {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    flex-direction: row;
    gap: .4em;
}

.navbar-custom .dropdown-toggle::after {
    margin-top: 0;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    margin-inline-start: 0;
    margin-inline-end: 0;
    margin-left: 0;
    margin-right: 0;
    vertical-align: 0;
    align-self: center;
    border-top-width: .28em;
    border-right-width: .28em;
    border-left-width: .28em;
}

.background-button{
    border: 0;
    background: transparent;
}

.icon-recede{
    opacity: 70%;
}

.keywords-list {
  list-style: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  margin: 0;
  white-space: normal;
}
.keywords-list li{
  display: inline-block;
}

.btn-background, .btn-background:active, .btn-background:visited {
    background-color: inherit;
    color: inherit;
    border: 1px solid var(--brand-900);
    padding: 0 10px;
    min-width: 7rem;
    white-space: nowrap;
    vertical-align: middle;
    line-height: 1;
}

.btn-background:not(:first-child) {
    margin-left: 0.5rem;
}

input + .btn-background {
    height: 2.4375rem;
}

span + .btn-background {
    height: auto;
    min-height: 1.8rem;
}

.btn-background:hover {
    color: white;
    background-color: var(--brand-900);
    border-color: var(--brand-900);
    transition: all 1s ease;
    -webkit-transition: all 1s ease;
    -moz-transition: all 1s ease;
    -o-transition: all 1s ease;
    -ms-transition: all 1s ease;
}

.modal-sticky-close{
    position: sticky;
    top: 0.2rem;
    right: 0.2rem;
    z-index: 1050;
    float: right;
    margin-bottom: 0.2rem;
    min-width: 24px;
    min-height: 24px;
}

#reading-options{
  display: flex;
  gap: 1rem;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  min-height: fit-content;
  box-sizing: border-box;  
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 1000;
  width: fit-content;
  margin-left: auto;
}

.btn-opt {
    border: 1px solid var(--brand-900);
    background: #f1f1f1;
}

.dyslexia-friendly {
    font-family: Verdana !important;
    color: #4c4c4c;
    background-color: #F5F5DC;
}

.dyslexia-friendly em,
.dyslexia-friendly i {
    background-color: #FAFAC8;
    font-style: normal;
}

.dyslexia-friendly a {
    font-family: inherit;
    color: inherit;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

/*
 * WCAG 2.4.7 Focus Visible - Two-Color Focus Indicator (Technique C40)
 * Requires at least 1:9 contrast ratio between the two focus colours. 
 */
:root {
    --focus-light: #F9F9F9;
    --focus-dark: #1E335F;
    --focus-ring-size: 4px;
}

/* Focus rings without layout thrash.
   Do NOT change display/margin on content links — that causes hover/focus jitter
   on article titles and blocks clicking. */
button, input, select, textarea, [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"]),
.dropdown-menu, .dropdown-item, .nav-link, .btn {
    /* ring drawn outside via outline/box-shadow only */
}

.dropdown-menu {
    padding: .25rem;
}

.dropdown-item:focus {
    white-space: nowrap;
}

/* General focus — outline only, no display changes */
*:focus {
    outline: 2px var(--focus-light) solid;
    outline-offset: 2px;
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px var(--focus-dark);
}

a:focus {
    outline: 2px var(--focus-light) solid;
    outline-offset: 2px;
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px var(--focus-dark);
}

.form-check:has(input:focus),
.form-check:has(select:focus),
.form-check:has(textarea:focus) {
    outline: 2px var(--focus-light) solid;
    outline-offset: 0;
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 var(--focus-ring-size) var(--focus-dark);
    display: block;
    white-space: normal;
}

/* Alternative approach for browsers that don't support :has() */
.form-check input:focus{
    /* Remove individual focus styles when inside form-check */
    outline: none;
    box-shadow: none;
}
  
/* Specificity overrides for other elements */
main a:focus,
.site-footer a:focus,
#lightbox a:focus,
.navbar-custom .nav-link:focus,
.navbar-custom .navbar-brand:focus,
.btn:focus,
.btn-primary:focus,
.btn-secondary:focus,
.btn-success:focus,
.btn-danger:focus,
.btn-warning:focus,
.btn-info:focus,
.btn-light:focus,
.btn-dark:focus,
.site-pagination > .btn:focus,
.pagination button:focus,
input[type="text"]:focus,
input[type="email"]:focus,
input[type="password"]:focus,
input[type="search"]:focus,
input[type="number"]:focus,
input[type="date"]:focus,
input[type="datetime-local"]:focus,
input[type="file"]:focus,
input[type="submit"]:focus,
.form-control.is-valid:focus,
.form-control.is-invalid:focus,
textarea.tinymce:focus,
.custom-select:focus {
    outline: 2px var(--focus-light) solid;
    outline-offset: 0;
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 var(--focus-ring-size) var(--focus-dark);
}

/* end of WCAG 2.4.7 Focus Visible - Two-Color Focus Indicator (Technique C40) */

input[type="date"] {
    direction: ltr;
    text-align: left;
}

/* Banner for hero / large image */

.clean-banner {
  position: relative;
  overflow: clip;
  max-height: 360px;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: center;
  align-content: start;
}
.clean-banner .clean-banner-image {
  flex-grow: 1;
  display: block;
  width: unset;
  max-width: unset;
  height: 100%;
  max-height: 648px;
}
/* Full-width banners should be taller on larger screens */
@media (width >= 992px) {
  :where(.col-md-12, .col-lg-12) .clean-banner:not(.explicit-image-height) {
    max-height: 432px;
  }
}
@media (width >= 1200px) {
  :where(.col-md-12, .col-lg-12) .clean-banner:not(.explicit-image-height) {
    max-height: 540px;
  }
}
/* Partial-width banners should be shorter */
:where(.col-md-4, .col-lg-4) .clean-banner:not(.explicit-image-height) {
  max-height: 216px;
}
:where(.col-md-6, .col-md-8, .col-lg-6, .col-lg-8) .clean-banner:not(.explicit-image-height) {
  max-height: 288px;
}
/* Explicit image height option for carousels */
.clean-banner.explicit-image-height {
  max-height: unset;
}
.clean-banner.explicit-image-height .clean-banner-image {
  height: 360px;
}
@media (width >= 992px) {
  .clean-banner.explicit-image-height .clean-banner-image {
    height: 432px;
  }
}
@media (width >= 1200px) {
  .clean-banner.explicit-image-height .clean-banner-image {
    height: 540px;
  }
}


/* ==========================================================================
   tarbiya — premium design layer
   Editorial identity for educational & psychological science journals.
   Deep indigo authority, sage growth accents, parchment surfaces,
   Literata display type, Manrope UI, first-class Arabic/RTL.
   ========================================================================== */

/* --- Tokens ---------------------------------------------------------------- */

:root {
    /* Brand */
    --brand-950: #162447;
    --brand-900: #1E335F;
    --brand-800: #2A4478;
    --brand-700: #3D5A80;
    --brand-link: #23467F;
    --accent: #3F735C;
    --accent-soft: #E6F1EB;
    --gold: #C4A35A;

    /* Surfaces */
    --surface: #F3EFE7;
    --surface-muted: #EBE4D8;
    --surface-elevated: #FFFcf7;
    --rule: #D8D0C2;
    --rule-strong: #C4B9A7;
    --text: #1A2030;
    --text-muted: #4E5661;
    --text-inverse: #F7F4EE;

    /* Type */
    --font-heading: "Literata", "IBM Plex Sans Arabic", Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
    --font-body: "Manrope", "IBM Plex Sans Arabic", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
    --font-arabic: "IBM Plex Sans Arabic", "Noto Naskh Arabic", "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
    --reading-measure: 70ch;

    /* Type scale — comfortable reading, not oversized */
    --fs-xs: 0.72rem;
    --fs-sm: 0.84rem;
    --fs-base: 0.98rem;
    --fs-md: 1.06rem;
    --fs-lg: 1.18rem;
    --fs-xl: 1.4rem;
    --fs-2xl: 1.75rem;
    --fs-3xl: 2.1rem;

    /* Spacing — tighter editorial rhythm */
    --sp-1: 0.25rem;
    --sp-2: 0.45rem;
    --sp-3: 0.65rem;
    --sp-4: 0.9rem;
    --sp-5: 1.2rem;
    --sp-6: 1.6rem;
    --sp-7: 2.25rem;
    --sp-8: 3.25rem;

    --radius: 2px;
    --radius-md: 6px;
    --radius-lg: 10px;
    --radius-pill: 999px;

    --shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px rgba(22, 36, 71, .06);
    --shadow-md: 0 4px 16px rgba(22, 36, 71, .08), 0 1px 3px rgba(22, 36, 71, .05);
    --shadow-lg: 0 18px 48px rgba(22, 36, 71, .12), 0 4px 12px rgba(22, 36, 71, .06);

    --header-grad: linear-gradient(135deg, #162447 0%, #1E335F 48%, #274A72 100%);
    --header-sheen: radial-gradient(1200px 280px at 85% -20%, rgba(63, 115, 92, .22), transparent 55%);
    --ease: cubic-bezier(.22, .61, .36, 1);
}

/* --- Page frame ------------------------------------------------------------ */

body {
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: var(--fs-base);
    line-height: 1.65;
    color: var(--text);
    background-color: var(--surface);
    background-image:
        radial-gradient(rgba(30, 51, 95, .035) 0.7px, transparent 0.7px),
        linear-gradient(180deg, #EFE9DD 0%, var(--surface) 220px);
    background-size: 20px 20px, auto;
    margin-top: 0;
    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
    -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}

.container {
    background-color: var(--surface-elevated);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
    border: 1px solid rgba(22, 36, 71, .06);
    overflow: visible;
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    body { margin-top: var(--sp-7); margin-bottom: var(--sp-7); }
    .container { max-width: 1040px; border-radius: var(--radius-lg); }
}

main {
    margin-top: 0;
    padding: var(--sp-6) var(--sp-5) var(--sp-7);
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    main { padding: var(--sp-7) var(--sp-7) var(--sp-8); }
}

main > hr,
.homepage-element-wrapper + hr {
    border: 0;
    height: 1px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, var(--rule-strong), transparent);
    margin: var(--sp-7) 0;
    opacity: .7;
}

/* --- Typography ------------------------------------------------------------ */

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    color: var(--brand-900);
    font-weight: 600;
    line-height: 1.22;
    letter-spacing: -0.015em;
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-3);
}

h1 { font-size: var(--fs-2xl); font-weight: 700; }
h2 { font-size: var(--fs-xl); }
h3 { font-size: var(--fs-lg); }
h4 { font-size: var(--fs-md); }

/* Section titles on homepage / listings */
main > h1:not(.sr-only),
.homepage-element-wrapper > h1,
.homepage-element-wrapper > h2,
.homepage-element-wrapper > .row > [class*="col"] > h1,
.homepage-element-wrapper > .row > [class*="col"] > h2 {
    position: relative;
    padding-bottom: var(--sp-3);
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-5);
}

main > h1:not(.sr-only)::after,
.homepage-element-wrapper > h1::after,
.homepage-element-wrapper > h2::after {
    content: "";
    display: block;
    width: 48px;
    height: 3px;
    margin-top: var(--sp-3);
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--accent), var(--gold));
    border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
}

main a {
    color: var(--brand-link);
    text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
    text-underline-offset: 3px;
    transition: color .15s var(--ease);
}

main a:hover,
main a:focus {
    color: var(--brand-950);
}

.eyebrow {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: .04em;
    text-transform: none;
    color: var(--accent);
    margin-bottom: 0.35rem;
    line-height: 1.2;
}

.byline {
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    line-height: 1.55;
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-3);
}

.meta-row {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 0.35rem 0.45rem;
    align-items: center;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    color: var(--text-muted);
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.meta-item {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: .3rem;
    white-space: nowrap;
    padding: .12rem .45rem;
    background: var(--accent-soft);
    border: 1px solid rgba(63, 115, 92, .25);
    border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
    color: var(--text-muted);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.35;
    transition: background .15s var(--ease), border-color .15s var(--ease), color .15s var(--ease);
}

a.meta-item:hover,
a.meta-item:focus {
    background: var(--accent-soft);
    border-color: rgba(63, 115, 92, .25);
    color: var(--brand-900);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.meta-item .fa {
    color: var(--brand-700);
    font-size: .85em;
}

.meta-doi {
    font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
    max-width: 100%;
    overflow-wrap: anywhere;
    white-space: normal;
}

/* --- Masthead — editorial prestige ---------------------------------------- */

.site-header {
    background: var(--header-grad);
    background-image: var(--header-sheen), var(--header-grad);
    border-bottom: 0;
    padding: 0;
    line-height: inherit;
    position: relative;
    color: var(--text-inverse);
}

.site-header::after {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    bottom: 0;
    height: 3px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--gold) 0%, var(--accent) 42%, transparent 100%);
}

.masthead {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    gap: var(--sp-5);
    padding: var(--sp-6) var(--sp-5) var(--sp-5);
    position: relative;
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .masthead { padding: 2.25rem var(--sp-7) 1.5rem; }
}

.masthead-brand,
.masthead-brand:hover,
.masthead-brand:focus {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--sp-4);
    color: #fff;
    text-decoration: none;
    min-width: 0;
}

.masthead-logo {
    max-height: 78px;
    max-width: 210px;
    width: auto;
    flex: 0 0 auto;
    filter: drop-shadow(0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, .18));
}

.masthead-titles {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: var(--sp-3);
    min-width: 0;
}

.masthead-kicker {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: .16em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .68);
}

.masthead-title {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-size: clamp(1.2rem, 1.8vw, 1.55rem);
    font-weight: 700;
    line-height: 1.3;
    color: #fff;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    text-wrap: balance;
}

.masthead-meta {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: .45rem .75rem;
    margin-top: var(--sp-2);
}

.masthead-issn {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: .06em;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .78);
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .08);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .14);
    border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
    padding: .22rem .65rem;
    backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
}

/* --- Navigation ------------------------------------------------------------ */

.navbar-custom {
    background: rgba(10, 18, 40, .22);
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);
    padding: 0 var(--sp-3);
    backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .navbar-custom { padding: 0 var(--sp-6); }
}

.navbar-custom .navbar-nav .nav-link {
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .82);
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: var(--fs-base);
    font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: .02em;
    padding: var(--sp-3) var(--sp-3);
    white-space: nowrap;
    border-bottom: 2px solid transparent;
    transition: color .15s var(--ease), border-color .15s var(--ease), background .15s var(--ease);
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .navbar-custom .navbar-collapse {
        display: grid !important;
        grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) auto minmax(0, 1fr);
        align-items: center;
        width: 100%;
    }
    .navbar-custom .navbar-nav-main {
        grid-column: 2;
        flex-direction: row;
        flex-wrap: nowrap;
        justify-content: center;
        width: auto;
        position: static;
    }
    .navbar-custom .navbar-nav-auth {
        grid-column: 3;
        justify-self: end;
        flex-direction: row;
        flex-wrap: nowrap;
        justify-content: flex-end;
        width: auto;
        position: static;
    }
    .navbar-custom .nav-item.ml-lg-auto,
    .navbar-custom .nav-item.ml-lg-auto + .nav-item,
    .navbar-custom .navbar-nav > .nav-item.dropdown:last-child {
        position: static;
        inset-inline-end: auto;
    }
    .masthead-meta {
        flex-wrap: nowrap;
    }
    .masthead-issn {
        white-space: nowrap;
    }
}

.navbar-custom .nav-item.active .nav-link,
.navbar-custom .nav-item:hover .nav-link,
.navbar-custom .nav-item:focus-within .nav-link {
    color: #fff;
    text-decoration: none;
    border-bottom-color: var(--gold);
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .04);
}

.navbar-custom .dropdown-menu {
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    padding: .4rem;
    margin-top: 0;
    /* Align to the toggle's inline-end in both LTR and RTL (overrides Bootstrap left:0). */
    inset-inline-start: auto;
    inset-inline-end: 0;
}

.navbar-custom .dropdown-item {
    border-radius: var(--radius);
    padding: .55rem .75rem;
    font-weight: 500;
}

.navbar-custom .dropdown-item:hover,
.navbar-custom .dropdown-item:focus {
    background-color: var(--accent-soft);
    color: var(--brand-900);
}

.navbar-toggler {
    border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .28);
    margin: var(--sp-3);
}

/* CTA-ish account/login links sit slightly stronger */
.navbar-custom .navbar-nav-auth .nav-link {
    color: #fff;
}

/* --- Article listing rows -------------------------------------------------- */

.article-row {
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--sp-4);
    padding: 1rem 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    transition: background .2s var(--ease);
}

.article-row:first-of-type {
    padding-top: 0;
}

.article-row:last-of-type {
    border-bottom: 0;
}

.article-row:hover {
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(63, 115, 92, .04), transparent 70%);
}

.article-row-thumb {
    flex: 0 0 84px;
}

.article-row .article-thumbnail {
    display: block;
    width: 84px;
    height: 110px;
    object-fit: cover;
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    background: var(--surface-muted);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
    transition: transform .25s var(--ease), box-shadow .25s var(--ease);
}

.article-row:hover .article-thumbnail {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.article-row-body { min-width: 0; flex: 1; }

.article-row-link,
.article-row-link:hover,
.article-row-link:focus,
.article-row-link:focus-visible,
.article-block > .article-row-link,
.article-block a.article-row-link {
    display: block !important; /* kill inherited inline-block thrash */
    text-decoration: none;
    margin: 0 !important;
    padding: 0 !important;
    max-width: 100%;
    color: inherit;
    outline-offset: 3px;
}

.article-row .article-title {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-size: 1.08rem;
    line-height: 1.4;
    margin: 0 0 0.4rem;
    color: var(--brand-900);
    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
    font-weight: 650;
    transition: color .15s var(--ease);
    pointer-events: none; /* hover/click target is the parent anchor only */
}

.article-row-link:hover .article-title,
.article-row-link:focus .article-title {
    color: var(--brand-800);
    text-decoration: none;
}

@media (max-width: 575px) {
    .article-row { gap: 0.75rem; }
    .article-row-thumb { flex-basis: 68px; }
    .article-row .article-thumbnail { width: 68px; height: 90px; }
    .article-row .article-title { font-size: 1.02rem; }
}

/* --- Homepage feature cards ------------------------------------------------ */

.feature-card {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    height: 100%;
    background: #fff;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    overflow: hidden;
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-5);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
    transition: box-shadow .28s var(--ease), transform .28s var(--ease), border-color .28s var(--ease);
    position: relative;
}

.feature-card::before {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    height: 3px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--accent), var(--gold));
    opacity: 0;
    transition: opacity .25s var(--ease);
    z-index: 2;
}

.feature-card:hover,
.feature-card:focus-within {
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
    transform: translateY(-3px);
    border-color: rgba(63, 115, 92, .28);
}

.feature-card:hover::before,
.feature-card:focus-within::before {
    opacity: 1;
}

.feature-card-media {
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
    min-height: 160px;
    background: var(--brand-900);
}

.feature-card-media .clean-banner,
.feature-card-media.clean-banner {
    max-height: 180px;
}

.feature-card-media .clean-banner-image {
    width: 100%;
    height: 180px;
    object-fit: cover;
    transition: transform .45s var(--ease), filter .45s var(--ease);
    filter: saturate(.92) contrast(1.03);
}

.feature-card:hover .feature-card-media .clean-banner-image {
    transform: scale(1.04);
    filter: saturate(1) contrast(1.05);
}

.feature-card-media::after {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    inset: auto 0 0 0;
    height: 42%;
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent, rgba(22, 36, 71, .35));
    pointer-events: none;
}

.feature-card-body {
    padding: 1.15rem 1.2rem 1.3rem;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: .35rem;
    background:
        linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 252, 247, .96), #fff 40%);
}

.feature-card-title {
    font-size: 1.02rem;
    line-height: 1.4;
    margin-bottom: .3rem;
    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

.feature-card-title a,
.feature-card-title a:hover,
.feature-card-title a:focus {
    color: var(--brand-900);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.feature-card-title a:hover {
    color: var(--brand-800);
}

.feature-card-cta {
    margin: auto 0 0;
    padding-top: .85rem;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: .04em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
}

.feature-card-cta a {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: .45rem;
    color: var(--accent);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.feature-card-cta a:hover,
.feature-card-cta a:focus {
    color: var(--brand-900);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.feature-card-cta-arrow::before {
    content: "→";
    display: inline-block;
    transition: transform .2s var(--ease);
}

.feature-card-cta a:hover .feature-card-cta-arrow::before {
    transform: translateX(3px);
}

[dir="rtl"] .feature-card-cta {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

[dir="rtl"] .feature-card-cta-arrow::before {
    content: "←";
}

[dir="rtl"] .feature-card-cta a:hover .feature-card-cta-arrow::before {
    transform: translateX(-3px);
}


/* --- Article opener -------------------------------------------------------- */

.article-opener {
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    overflow: hidden;
    background: #fff;
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-6);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    position: relative;
}

.article-opener::before {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    height: 4px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--brand-900), var(--accent) 55%, var(--gold));
    z-index: 2;
}

.article-opener .article-opener-media {
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    max-height: 260px;
    position: relative;
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .article-opener .article-opener-media { max-height: 340px; }
}

.article-opener .article-opener-media .clean-banner-image {
    max-height: none;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    width: 100%;
    filter: saturate(.9) contrast(1.04);
}

.article-opener .article-opener-media::after {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent 40%, rgba(22, 36, 71, .18));
    pointer-events: none;
}

.article-opener-body {
    padding: var(--sp-5) var(--sp-5) var(--sp-6);
    background:
        radial-gradient(700px 180px at 0% 0%, rgba(63, 115, 92, .07), transparent 60%),
        linear-gradient(180deg, #FFFcf8, #fff 55%);
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .article-opener-body { padding: var(--sp-6) var(--sp-7); }
}

.article-headline {
    font-size: clamp(1.35rem, 2vw, 1.85rem);
    line-height: 1.35;
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-3);
    max-width: 36ch;
    letter-spacing: -0.015em;
    color: var(--brand-950);
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .article-headline { max-width: 42ch; }
}

.article-opener-meta {
    margin-top: var(--sp-5);
    padding-top: var(--sp-4);
    border-top: 0;
}

/* --- Article body ---------------------------------------------------------- */

#article {
    font-size: var(--fs-md);
    line-height: 1.8;
}

#article p,
#article li {
    max-width: var(--reading-measure);
}

#article h2 {
    font-size: var(--fs-lg);
    margin-top: var(--sp-7);
    padding-bottom: var(--sp-2);
    border-bottom: 0;
    position: relative;
}

#article h2:first-child { margin-top: 0; }

#article > h2:first-child + p {
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    color: var(--text);
    line-height: 1.75;
}

#main_article h2 { font-size: var(--fs-lg); margin-top: var(--sp-6); }
#main_article h3 { font-size: var(--fs-md); margin-top: var(--sp-5); }

#article blockquote {
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--accent-soft), rgba(230, 241, 235, .35));
    border-left: 0;
    border-inline-start: 4px solid var(--accent);
    border-radius: 0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md) 0;
    margin: var(--sp-6) 0;
    padding: var(--sp-4) var(--sp-5);
    font-size: var(--fs-base);
    color: var(--text);
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-style: italic;
}

#article figure,
#main_article figure {
    margin: var(--sp-6) 0;
}

#article figure img,
#main_article img {
    max-width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

#article figcaption,
.table-caption {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    color: var(--text-muted);
    line-height: 1.5;
    margin-top: var(--sp-2);
    padding-inline-start: var(--sp-3);
    border-inline-start: 2px solid var(--gold);
}

.article-table {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
}

.article-table thead th {
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, #F7F2E8, var(--surface-muted));
    color: var(--brand-900);
    border-bottom-color: var(--brand-700);
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: .02em;
}

.article-table th,
.article-table td {
    border-top-color: var(--rule);
}

#reflist li {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.65;
    padding-bottom: var(--sp-3);
    border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--rule);
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-3);
    max-width: var(--reading-measure);
}

/* Keywords as chips */
.keywords-list { margin-top: var(--sp-2); }

.keywords-list li a,
.keywords-list li .keyword-chip {
    display: inline-block;
    background: var(--surface-muted);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
    padding: .35rem .8rem;
    margin: 0 var(--sp-1) var(--sp-2) 0;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 600;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: var(--brand-900);
    transition: background .15s var(--ease), border-color .15s var(--ease), color .15s var(--ease), transform .15s var(--ease);
}

.keywords-list li a:hover,
.keywords-list li a:focus {
    background: var(--accent);
    border-color: var(--accent);
    color: #fff;
    text-decoration: none;
    transform: translateY(-1px);
}

/* --- Article sidebar ------------------------------------------------------- */

.left-bar .article-menu {
    background:
        linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(30, 51, 95, .04), transparent 90px),
        var(--surface-muted);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    padding: var(--sp-5);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .left-bar {
        position: sticky;
        top: var(--sp-5);
        align-self: start;
    }
}

.left-bar .article-menu h2,
.left-bar .article-menu h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: .1em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--brand-700);
    margin-top: var(--sp-5);
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-2);
    padding-bottom: var(--sp-2);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.left-bar .article-menu > section > h2:first-child,
.left-bar .article-menu h2:first-of-type { margin-top: 0; }

.left-bar .article-menu ul {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0 0 var(--sp-3);
}

.left-bar .article-menu input,
.left-bar .article-menu .form-control {
    max-width: 100%;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
}

.left-bar .article-menu li {
    padding: var(--sp-1) 0;
    line-height: 1.5;
}

/* --- Buttons, pagination, forms -------------------------------------------- */

.btn {
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-weight: 600;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    letter-spacing: .01em;
    transition: transform .15s var(--ease), box-shadow .15s var(--ease), background .15s var(--ease), border-color .15s var(--ease);
}

.btn-primary,
.btn-primary:active,
.btn-primary:visited {
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--brand-800), var(--brand-900));
    border-color: var(--brand-900);
    box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.12) inset, 0 2px 8px rgba(22, 36, 71, .18);
}

.btn-primary:hover,
.btn-primary:focus {
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--brand-700), var(--brand-800));
    border-color: var(--brand-800);
    transform: translateY(-1px);
    box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.12) inset, 0 6px 16px rgba(22, 36, 71, .2);
}

.btn-background,
.btn-opt {
    border: 1px solid var(--rule-strong);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    background: #fff;
    color: var(--brand-900);
}

.btn-background:hover,
.btn-opt:hover {
    border-color: var(--accent);
    background: var(--accent-soft);
    color: var(--brand-900);
}

.page-link,
.page-link:hover,
.page-link:focus {
    color: var(--brand-link);
    border-color: var(--rule);
}

.page-item.active .page-link {
    background-color: var(--brand-900);
    border-color: var(--brand-900);
}

.form-control {
    border-color: var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    font-size: var(--fs-base);
    background: #fff;
}

.form-control:focus {
    border-color: rgba(63, 115, 92, .55);
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(63, 115, 92, .15);
}

.homepage-element-search-bar input[type="text"],
.homepage-element-search-bar .input-group-text {
    font-size: var(--fs-md);
}

/* --- Cards inherited from clean -------------------------------------------- */

.card {
    border-color: var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: box-shadow .2s var(--ease), transform .2s var(--ease);
}

.card:hover {
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.card.no-image,
.card.no-image .card-img-overlay {
    background: linear-gradient(160deg, #F8F3EA, var(--surface-muted));
}

.card-title {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    color: var(--brand-900);
    letter-spacing: -0.015em;
}

.carousel-caption {
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent, rgba(22, 36, 71, .92));
    padding: var(--sp-5) var(--sp-5) var(--sp-4);
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    bottom: 0;
}

.carousel-caption h2 a {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
}

/* --- Footer ---------------------------------------------------------------- */

.site-footer {
    background:
        radial-gradient(900px 220px at 10% 0%, rgba(63, 115, 92, .16), transparent 55%),
        linear-gradient(160deg, #162447 0%, #1A2B52 55%, #13203D 100%);
    border-top: 0;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .78);
    text-align: start;
    padding: var(--sp-7) var(--sp-5);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    position: relative;
}

.site-footer::before {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    height: 3px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--gold), var(--accent) 50%, transparent);
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .site-footer { padding: var(--sp-7) var(--sp-7); }
}

.site-footer h2,
.site-footer h3 {
    color: #fff;
    font-size: var(--fs-md);
}

.site-footer a {
    color: #fff;
    text-decoration: none;
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .22);
    transition: border-color .15s var(--ease), color .15s var(--ease);
}

.site-footer a:hover,
.site-footer a:focus {
    color: #fff;
    border-bottom-color: var(--gold);
    text-decoration: none;
}

/* --- Reading options ------------------------------------------------------- */

#reading-options {
    gap: var(--sp-2);
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-4);
}

/* ==========================================================================
   RTL / Arabic
   ========================================================================== */

[dir="rtl"] {
    --font-heading: var(--font-arabic);
    --font-body: var(--font-arabic);
}

[dir="rtl"] body { text-align: right; }

[dir="rtl"] h1, [dir="rtl"] h2, [dir="rtl"] h3,
[dir="rtl"] h4, [dir="rtl"] h5, [dir="rtl"] h6 {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    line-height: 1.45;
}

[dir="rtl"] .article-headline { line-height: 1.4; letter-spacing: 0; }

[dir="rtl"] #article { line-height: 1.95; }

[dir="rtl"] .eyebrow,
[dir="rtl"] .masthead-kicker,
[dir="rtl"] .masthead-meta,
[dir="rtl"] .left-bar .article-menu h2,
[dir="rtl"] .left-bar .article-menu h3 {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

[dir="rtl"] .navbar-nav,
[dir="rtl"] .list-unstyled,
[dir="rtl"] .keywords-list,
[dir="rtl"] .back-links-list,
[dir="rtl"] #reflist ul,
[dir="rtl"] .left-bar .article-menu ul {
    padding-right: 0;
    padding-left: 0;
}

[dir="rtl"] .form-check { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 1.25rem; }
[dir="rtl"] .form-check-input { margin-left: 0; margin-right: -1.25rem; }

[dir="rtl"] .navbar-toggler-right { right: auto; left: 1rem; }

[dir="rtl"] .dropdown-menu { text-align: right; }

[dir="rtl"] .navbar-custom .dropdown-menu {
    text-align: right;
}

[dir="rtl"] .navbar-custom .dropdown-item {
    text-align: right;
    padding-inline: .75rem;
}

[dir="rtl"] .dropdown-toggle::after { margin-right: 0; margin-left: 0; }

[dir="rtl"] .skipnav,
[dir="rtl"] .skipnav a { text-align: right; }

[dir="rtl"] .skipnav a { left: auto; right: -10000px; }

[dir="rtl"] .skipnav a:focus,
[dir="rtl"] .skipnav a:active { right: 0; }

[dir="rtl"] .modal-sticky-close { float: left; right: auto; left: .2rem; }

[dir="rtl"] .close { float: left; }

[dir="rtl"] #reading-options {
    justify-content: flex-start;
    margin-left: 0;
    margin-right: auto;
}

[dir="rtl"] #carousel-buttons {
    margin-left: 0;
    margin-right: 100px;
    right: auto;
    left: 5px;
}

[dir="rtl"] .carousel-caption { left: auto; right: 0; }

[dir="rtl"] #article blockquote { border-radius: var(--radius-md) 0 0 var(--radius-md); }

[dir="rtl"] .section-link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-left: 0; margin-right: var(--sp-2); }

[dir="rtl"] .btn-background:not(:first-child) { margin-left: 0; margin-right: var(--sp-2); }

[dir="rtl"] .card-img-right { border-radius: var(--radius-md) 0 0 var(--radius-md); }

[dir="rtl"] .keywords-list li a,
[dir="rtl"] .keywords-list li .keyword-chip { margin: 0 0 var(--sp-2) var(--sp-1); }

[dir="rtl"] code,
[dir="rtl"] pre,
[dir="rtl"] .meta-doi,
[dir="rtl"] .masthead-issn {
    direction: ltr;
    unicode-bidi: isolate;
}

[dir="rtl"] .meta-doi { text-align: right; }

[dir="rtl"] #reflist li { text-align: start; }

[dir="rtl"] .article-row:hover {
    background: linear-gradient(270deg, rgba(63, 115, 92, .04), transparent 70%);
}

[dir="rtl"] main > h1:not(.sr-only)::after,
[dir="rtl"] .homepage-element-wrapper > h1::after,
[dir="rtl"] .homepage-element-wrapper > h2::after {
    margin-inline-start: auto;
    margin-inline-end: 0;
}

/* --- Reduced motion -------------------------------------------------------- */

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
    .feature-card,
    .feature-card-media .clean-banner-image,
    .article-row .article-thumbnail,
    .btn,
    .btn-primary,
    .btn-background,
    .keywords-list li a,
    .card {
        transition: none !important;
        transform: none !important;
    }
}

/* --- Footer layout --------------------------------------------------------- */

.footer-grid {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    align-items: start;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: var(--sp-6);
    text-align: center;
}

.footer-body { flex: 1 1 320px; }

.footer-journal-name {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-size: var(--fs-md);
    color: #fff;
    margin: 0 0 var(--sp-2);
    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

.footer-body .row {
    row-gap: var(--sp-4);
}

.site-footer ul {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: var(--sp-2) var(--sp-4);
}

.site-footer .list-inline-item { margin: 0; }

.site-footer small { font-size: var(--fs-sm); }

.site-footer select {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .06);
    color: #fff;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .28);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    padding: var(--sp-1) var(--sp-2);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
}

.site-footer select option { color: var(--text); }

.site-footer .text-right { text-align: inherit !important; }

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .site-footer .col-md-6:last-child ul { justify-content: flex-end; }
}

#presswide_footer_text {
    margin-top: var(--sp-5);
    padding-top: var(--sp-4);
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .12);
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .68);
}

[dir="rtl"] .site-footer .text-left { text-align: right !important; }

/* Homepage banners */
.homepage-element-wrapper .clean-banner:not(.explicit-image-height) {
    max-height: 260px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    overflow: hidden;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .homepage-element-wrapper .clean-banner:not(.explicit-image-height) {
        max-height: 340px;
    }
}

.homepage-element-wrapper .clean-banner:not(.explicit-image-height) .clean-banner-image {
    max-height: none;
    height: 100%;
    width: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
}

/* Search bar polish */
.homepage-element-search-bar .form-control {
    border-radius: var(--radius-md) 0 0 var(--radius-md);
    min-height: 3rem;
}

.homepage-element-search-bar .input-group-append .btn,
.homepage-element-search-bar .input-group-text {
    min-height: 3rem;
}

/* Issue grid / editorial pages */
.editor-name {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    color: var(--brand-900);
}

.journal-name {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
}



/* ==========================================================================
   tarbiya round 2 — page systems
   Issues archive, issue hero, editorial team, listings, homepage panels,
   submissions/contact shells.
   ========================================================================== */

/* --- Shared page chrome ---------------------------------------------------- */

.page-header {
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-6);
    padding-bottom: var(--sp-5);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    position: relative;
}

.page-header::after {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    left: 0;
    bottom: -1px;
    width: 72px;
    height: 3px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--accent), var(--gold));
    border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
}

[dir="rtl"] .page-header::after {
    left: auto;
    right: 0;
}

.page-title {
    font-size: clamp(1.45rem, 2.2vw, 1.85rem);
    letter-spacing: -0.015em;
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-2);
    color: var(--brand-950);
}

.page-lede {
    max-width: 62ch;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    font-size: var(--fs-md);
    line-height: 1.7;
    margin: 0;
}

.page-lede-link {
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--brand-900);
    text-decoration: none;
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(30, 51, 95, .25);
}

.page-lede-link:hover,
.page-lede-link:focus {
    color: var(--brand-800);
    border-bottom-color: var(--accent);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.page-lede-meta {
    color: var(--text-muted);
}

.section-header {
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-5);
}

.section-title {
    font-size: clamp(1.2rem, 1.6vw, 1.4rem);
    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    color: var(--brand-950);
}

.empty-state {
    padding: var(--sp-6);
    text-align: center;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    background: var(--surface-muted);
    border: 1px dashed var(--rule-strong);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
}

/* --- Issue archive grid ---------------------------------------------------- */

.issue-year-section {
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-7);
}

.issue-year-title {
    font-size: var(--fs-lg);
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--brand-950);
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-4);
    padding-bottom: var(--sp-2);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.issue-year-count {
    color: var(--text-muted);
    font-weight: 500;
}

.issue-year-section:target .issue-year-title {
    color: var(--accent);
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .side-panel.issue-year-panel {
        position: sticky;
        top: var(--sp-5);
        max-height: calc(100vh - (var(--sp-5) * 2));
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: column;
        overflow: hidden;
    }
    .issue-year-panel .archive-list {
        overflow-y: auto;
        min-height: 0;
        padding-inline-end: var(--sp-3);
        padding-inline-start: var(--sp-1);
        scrollbar-width: thin;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
    .side-panel.issue-year-panel {
        position: static;
        max-height: none;
        overflow: visible;
    }
    .issue-year-panel .archive-list {
        overflow: visible;
        padding-inline-end: 0;
        padding-inline-start: 0;
    }
}

.issue-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(1, minmax(0, 1fr));
    gap: var(--sp-5);
}

@media (min-width: 576px) {
    .issue-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .issue-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: var(--sp-6); }
}

.issue-card {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    background: #fff;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    overflow: hidden;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: inherit;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
    transition: transform .25s var(--ease), box-shadow .25s var(--ease), border-color .25s var(--ease);
    height: 100%;
    position: relative;
}

.issue-card:hover,
.issue-card:focus {
    transform: translateY(-3px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
    border-color: rgba(63, 115, 92, .35);
    text-decoration: none;
    color: inherit;
}

.issue-card.is-current {
    border-color: rgba(196, 163, 90, .55);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.issue-card-cover {
    position: relative;
    aspect-ratio: 3 / 4;
    background:
        linear-gradient(160deg, #1E335F, #274A72 55%, #4F8A70);
    overflow: hidden;
}

.issue-card-image {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    display: block;
    transition: transform .4s var(--ease);
}

.issue-card:hover .issue-card-image {
    transform: scale(1.04);
}

.issue-card-placeholder {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,.75);
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-size: 2.5rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: -0.03em;
    background:
        radial-gradient(circle at 30% 20%, rgba(255,255,255,.12), transparent 45%),
        linear-gradient(160deg, #1E335F, #274A72 55%, #4F8A70);
}

.issue-card-badge {
    position: absolute;
    top: .85rem;
    inset-inline-start: .85rem;
    background: rgba(255, 252, 247, .95);
    color: var(--brand-900);
    font-size: .68rem;
    font-weight: 800;
    letter-spacing: .08em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    padding: .35rem .65rem;
    border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

[dir="rtl"] .issue-card-badge {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

.issue-card-body {
    padding: 1.1rem 1.15rem 1.25rem;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: .35rem;
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, #FFFcf8, #fff);
    flex: 1;
}

.issue-card-title {
    font-size: 1.08rem;
    line-height: 1.35;
    margin: 0 0 .35rem;
    color: var(--brand-900);
    letter-spacing: -0.015em;
}

.issue-card-meta {
    margin: auto 0 0;
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: .5rem .85rem;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 600;
}

/* --- Issue hero ------------------------------------------------------------ */

.issue-hero {
    display: grid;
    gap: 0;
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-6);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    overflow: hidden;
    background: #fff;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .issue-hero {
        grid-template-columns: minmax(200px, 30%) 1fr;
        align-items: start;
    }
}

.issue-hero-media {
    background: transparent;
    min-height: 0;
    position: relative;
    overflow: visible;
    align-self: start;
    width: fit-content;
    max-width: 100%;
}

.issue-hero-image {
    width: auto;
    height: auto;
    max-width: 100%;
    max-height: 70vh;
    object-fit: contain;
    object-position: top center;
    display: block;
    position: static;
    min-height: 0;
    filter: saturate(.92) contrast(1.04);
}

.issue-hero-media::after {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent 40%, rgba(22, 36, 71, .22));
    pointer-events: none;
}

.issue-hero-body {
    padding: var(--sp-5);
    background:
        radial-gradient(700px 180px at 100% 0%, rgba(63, 115, 92, .08), transparent 55%),
        linear-gradient(180deg, #FFFcf8, #fff 60%);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: flex-start;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .issue-hero-body { padding: 1.25rem 1.4rem; }
}

.issue-hero-title {
    font-size: clamp(1.1rem, 1.5vw, 1.35rem);
    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
    margin-bottom: 0.7rem;
    color: var(--brand-950);
    line-height: 1.45;
    font-weight: 650;
}

.issue-hero-title .issue-hero-link {
    display: inline;
    font-size: inherit;
    font-weight: inherit;
    line-height: inherit;
}

.issue-hero-description {
    color: var(--text-muted);
    max-width: 58ch;
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-4);
    line-height: 1.7;
}

.issue-hero-meta {
    margin-top: var(--sp-2);
}

.issue-section {
    margin-top: var(--sp-7);
}

.issue-section-title {
    font-size: 1.05rem;
    letter-spacing: -0.005em;
    margin-bottom: 0.85rem;
    padding-bottom: 0.45rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    position: relative;
    font-weight: 650;
}

.issue-section-title::after {
    content: "";
    display: block;
    width: 40px;
    height: 2px;
    margin-top: var(--sp-2);
    background: var(--accent);
}

.issue-section-list .article-row:first-of-type {
    padding-top: var(--sp-2);
}

.issue-layout .border-right,
.issue-layout #issue_top {
    border-right: 0 !important;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .issue-layout {
        justify-content: center;
    }
}

/* --- Editorial team -------------------------------------------------------- */

.editorial-group {
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-7);
}

.editorial-group-header {
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-5);
    padding-bottom: var(--sp-3);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.editorial-group-title {
    font-size: 1.45rem;
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-2);
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
}

.editorial-group-description {
    color: var(--text-muted);
    max-width: 70ch;
}

.editorial-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(1, minmax(0, 1fr));
    gap: var(--sp-5);
}

/* Narrower cards: the portrait keeps its 4:3 proportion but drops to about
   half its previous width and height, instead of being letterboxed. */
@media (min-width: 576px) {
    .editorial-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .editorial-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .editorial-grid {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(5, minmax(0, 1fr));
        gap: var(--sp-4);
    }
}

@media (min-width: 1400px) {
    .editorial-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(6, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
}

.editor-card {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    background: #fff;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    overflow: hidden;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
    transition: transform .25s var(--ease), box-shadow .25s var(--ease), border-color .25s var(--ease);
    height: 100%;
}

.editor-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    border-color: rgba(63, 115, 92, .28);
}

.editor-card-media {
    background:
        linear-gradient(160deg, rgba(30, 51, 95, .08), rgba(63, 115, 92, .08)),
        var(--surface-muted);
    aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
    overflow: hidden;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
}

.editor-card-image,
.editor-card-media img {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    display: block;
}

.editor-card-body {
    padding: .75rem .8rem .9rem;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: .35rem;
    flex: 1;
}

.editor-name {
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    margin-bottom: .15rem;
    letter-spacing: -0.015em;
}

.editor-affiliation {
    color: var(--text-muted);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    margin-bottom: .35rem;
    line-height: 1.55;
}

.editor-profile-link a {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 700;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: var(--accent);
}

.editor-profile-link a:hover {
    color: var(--brand-900);
}

/* --- Listings / side panels ------------------------------------------------ */

.listing-layout {
    align-items: start;
}

/* Stretch so the year-rail aside is as tall as the issue column; otherwise
   position:sticky has zero travel (containing block == rail height). */
.issue-archive-layout {
    align-items: stretch;
}

.listing-panel,
.content-panel,
.side-panel {
    background: #fff;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

.listing-panel {
    padding: var(--sp-4) var(--sp-4) var(--sp-5);
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .listing-panel { padding: var(--sp-5) var(--sp-5) var(--sp-6); }
}

.listing-panel .input-group .input-group-text,
.listing-panel .input-group .custom-select {
    height: calc(1.5 * var(--fs-sm) + var(--sp-3) + 2px);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.5;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
}

.listing-stack .article-row:last-child {
    border-bottom: 0;
}

.side-panel {
    padding: var(--sp-5);
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-5);
    background:
        linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(30, 51, 95, .03), transparent 90px),
        #fff;
    position: sticky;
    top: var(--sp-5);
}

.side-panel-title,
.content-panel-title {
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 800;
    letter-spacing: .1em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--brand-700);
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-4);
    padding-bottom: var(--sp-2);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

[dir="rtl"] .side-panel-title,
[dir="rtl"] .content-panel-title {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

.content-panel {
    padding: var(--sp-5);
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .content-panel { padding: var(--sp-6) var(--sp-7); }
}

.content-lede {
    font-size: var(--fs-md);
    line-height: 1.75;
    color: var(--text);
    max-width: 70ch;
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-5);
}

.content-section {
    padding-top: var(--sp-5);
    margin-top: var(--sp-5);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.content-section h2 {
    margin-top: 0;
}

.action-row {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: .75rem;
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-5);
}

/* Filter panel (articles listing) — do not apply to other .side-panel instances. */
.filter-panel .form-control.is-valid,
.filter-panel .form-control.is-valid:focus {
    border-color: var(--rule-strong);
    background-image: none;
    padding-right: .75rem;
    padding-left: .75rem;
    box-shadow: none;
}

.filter-panel .form-check-input.is-valid ~ .form-check-label {
    color: inherit;
}

.filter-panel .action-row {
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--sp-3);
    flex-wrap: nowrap;
}

.filter-panel .action-row .btn-background,
.filter-panel .action-row .btn-background:not(:first-child) {
    flex: 1 1 0;
    min-width: 0;
    margin: 0;
    padding: var(--sp-2) var(--sp-3);
    line-height: 1.4;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 500;
    white-space: nowrap;
    text-align: center;
}

.filter-panel form > button.btn-primary[type="submit"] {
    display: block;
    width: 100%;
    font-size: var(--fs-md);
    font-weight: 700;
    padding: var(--sp-3) var(--sp-5);
}

@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
    .filter-panel .action-row {
        flex-wrap: wrap;
    }
}

.callout-panel {
    background: var(--accent-soft);
    border: 1px solid rgba(63, 115, 92, .25);
    border-inline-start: 4px solid var(--accent);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    padding: var(--sp-4) var(--sp-5);
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-5);
}

.filter-check {
    display: flex;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: .55rem;
    margin-bottom: .45rem;
}

.filter-check label {
    margin: 0;
    line-height: 1.4;
}

/* --- Homepage panels ------------------------------------------------------- */

.about-panel {
    margin: 0;
}

.about-panel-inner {
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    overflow: hidden;
    background:
        radial-gradient(800px 220px at 0% 0%, rgba(63, 115, 92, .10), transparent 55%),
        linear-gradient(135deg, #162447 0%, #1E335F 48%, #274A72 100%);
    color: rgba(255,255,255,.88);
    padding: var(--sp-6);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    position: relative;
}

.about-panel-inner::after {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    inset-inline-start: 0;
    top: 0;
    bottom: 0;
    width: 4px;
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--gold), var(--accent));
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .about-panel-inner { padding: var(--sp-7); }
}

.about-panel .eyebrow {
    color: rgba(255,255,255,.72);
}

.about-panel-title {
    color: #fff;
    font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 2.4vw, 2rem);
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-4);
}

.about-panel-body {
    max-width: 70ch;
    font-size: var(--fs-md);
    line-height: 1.8;
}

.about-panel-body a {
    color: #fff;
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.35);
}

.about-panel-body p:last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.featured-panel .feature-grid,
.news-panel .news-grid {
    margin-left: -15px;
    margin-right: -15px;
}

.news-card {
    height: 100%;
    background: #fff;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
    transition: transform .25s var(--ease), box-shadow .25s var(--ease), border-color .25s var(--ease);
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-5);
    overflow: hidden;
    position: relative;
}

.news-card::before {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    height: 3px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--brand-900), var(--accent));
    opacity: .85;
}

.news-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    border-color: rgba(30, 51, 95, .18);
}

.news-card-body {
    padding: 1.25rem 1.3rem 1.4rem;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    min-height: 100%;
}

.news-card-title {
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    line-height: 1.35;
    margin-bottom: .5rem;
    letter-spacing: -0.015em;
}

.news-card-title a {
    color: var(--brand-900);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.news-card-title a:hover {
    color: var(--brand-800);
}

.news-card-meta {
    color: var(--text-muted);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-bottom: .75rem;
}

.news-card-excerpt {
    color: var(--text);
    line-height: 1.65;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    flex: 1;
}

.current-issue-panel .issue-hero {
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-5);
}

/* --- Contact --------------------------------------------------------------- */

.contact-list {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0 0 var(--sp-5);
}

.contact-list-item {
    padding: var(--sp-3) 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.contact-list-item:last-child {
    border-bottom: 0;
}

.contact-name {
    font-size: 1.05rem;
    margin-bottom: .15rem;
}

.contact-role {
    color: var(--text-muted);
    margin: 0;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
}

.contact-info {
    padding-top: var(--sp-4);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

/* --- Homepage separators --------------------------------------------------- */

.homepage-element-wrapper + hr {
    margin: var(--sp-7) 0;
}

.homepage-element-wrapper:last-child + hr {
    display: none;
}

/* Cards inside sidebars should not double-frame */
.side-panel .card,
.listing-layout .card {
    border: 0;
    box-shadow: none;
    background: transparent;
}

.listing-layout .card .card-block,
.side-panel .card-block {
    padding: 0;
}

/* Soften generic Bootstrap cards used on pages we didn't fully rewrite */
main .card {
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
}

main .card-title {
    letter-spacing: -0.015em;
}

/* Pagination polish */
.pagination-block .btn,
.site-pagination .btn {
    min-width: 2.5rem;
}

/* Decade issue lists if used */
.issue-decade + .issue-decade {
    margin-top: var(--sp-6);
}

/* Reduce motion for new interactive surfaces */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
    .issue-card,
    .issue-card-image,
    .editor-card,
    .news-card {
        transition: none !important;
        transform: none !important;
    }
}

/* Focus tokens aligned with new brand */
:root {
    --focus-light: #F9F6EF;
    --focus-dark: #1E335F;
}


/* Archive sidebar list */
.archive-list {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
}

.archive-list-item {
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.archive-list-item a {
    display: block;
    padding: .7rem 0;
    color: var(--brand-900);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 600;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.45;
}

.archive-list-item a:hover,
.archive-list-item a:focus {
    color: var(--accent);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.archive-list-item.is-active a {
    color: var(--accent);
    padding-inline-start: .55rem;
    border-inline-start: 3px solid var(--accent);
}

.issue-download {
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-4);
}


/* ==========================================================================
   tarbiya round 3 — article page
   Scholarly article chrome: opener actions, abstract lead, sidebar system,
   downloads, metrics, citation, TOC, reading toolbar.
   ========================================================================== */

.article-opener-topline {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    align-items: center;
    gap: .65rem 1rem;
    margin-bottom: .35rem;
}

.article-opener-topline .eyebrow {
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.status-pill {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: .35rem;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 800;
    letter-spacing: .06em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    padding: .28rem .65rem;
    border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
    border: 1px solid transparent;
    line-height: 1;
}

.status-pill-success {
    color: #1f5b42;
    background: var(--accent-soft);
    border-color: rgba(63, 115, 92, .28);
}

[dir="rtl"] .status-pill {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

.article-opener-authors {
    margin: .35rem 0 var(--sp-3);
}

.article-opener-authors .list-inline,
.article-opener-authors .comma-and-sep {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    list-style: none;
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: .15rem .2rem;
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: var(--fs-md);
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--text-muted);
}

.article-opener-authors a {
    color: var(--brand-900);
    text-decoration: none;
    border-bottom: 0;
}

.article-opener-authors a:hover,
.article-opener-authors a:focus {
    color: var(--accent);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.article-actions {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: .65rem;
    margin-top: var(--sp-5);
    padding-top: var(--sp-4);
    border-top: 0;
}

.article-actions:not(:has(.article-action-btn)) {
    display: none;
}

.article-action-btn {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: .45rem;
    min-height: 2.55rem;
    padding-inline: 1rem;
}

.article-action-btn .fa {
    font-size: .95em;
}

/* Reading toolbar */
#reading-options.reading-toolbar,
.reading-toolbar {
    position: sticky;
    top: 0;
    z-index: 1000;
    width: fit-content;
    margin: 0 0 var(--sp-5) auto;
    display: block;
    padding: 0;
}

.reading-toolbar-inner {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: .65rem;
    background: rgba(255, 252, 247, .94);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
    padding: .35rem .45rem .35rem .85rem;
    backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
}

.reading-toolbar-label {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 800;
    letter-spacing: .08em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--text-muted);
}

[dir="rtl"] .reading-toolbar-label {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

[dir="rtl"] #reading-options.reading-toolbar,
[dir="rtl"] .reading-toolbar {
    margin-left: 0;
    margin-right: auto;
}

.reading-controls {
    display: inline-flex;
    gap: .3rem;
}

.reading-controls .btn-opt {
    border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
    min-width: 2.4rem;
    min-height: 2.2rem;
    padding: .25rem .7rem;
    font-size: .82rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    background: #fff;
    color: var(--brand-900);
}

.reading-controls .btn-opt:hover,
.reading-controls .btn-opt:focus {
    border-color: var(--accent);
    background: var(--accent-soft);
    color: var(--brand-900);
}

.reading-aa {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-weight: 700;
}

/* Article layout */
.article-layout {
    align-items: start;
}

.article-main {
    min-width: 0;
}

.article-abstract {
    background:
        radial-gradient(700px 180px at 0% 0%, rgba(63, 115, 92, .07), transparent 60%),
        linear-gradient(180deg, #FFFcf8, #fff 70%);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    padding: var(--sp-5);
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-5);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

.article-abstract h2 {
    margin-top: 0;
    border-bottom: 0;
    padding-bottom: 0;
}

.article-abstract h2::after {
    display: none;
    content: none;
}

.article-abstract-body {
    font-size: 1.12rem;
    line-height: 1.8;
    max-width: var(--reading-measure);
}

.article-abstract-body p:last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.article-cite-block {
    margin: var(--sp-5) 0 var(--sp-6);
}

.cite-card {
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    overflow: hidden;
    background: #fff;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

.cite-card-header {
    padding: .85rem 1.1rem;
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, #F7F2E8, var(--surface-muted));
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.cite-card-header h2 {
    margin: 0;
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 800;
    letter-spacing: .1em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--brand-700);
    border: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.cite-card-header h2::after { display: none; content: none; }

[dir="rtl"] .cite-card-header h2 {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

.cite-card-body {
    padding: 1.1rem 1.15rem 1.2rem;
}

.cite-text {
    margin: 0;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.8;
    color: var(--text);
    text-align: start;
}

#cite-content {
    unicode-bidi: isolate;
}

.cite-actions {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: flex-start;
    margin-top: var(--sp-3);
}

.cite-card .cite-actions .btn-background,
.share-input-group .btn-background {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: var(--sp-2);
    padding: var(--sp-2) var(--sp-3);
    min-width: 0;
    min-height: 2.35rem;
    line-height: 1.4;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 500;
}

.cite-card .cite-actions .btn-background:focus,
.cite-card .cite-actions .btn-background:focus-visible,
.share-input-group .btn-background:focus,
.share-input-group .btn-background:focus-visible {
    outline: 2px var(--focus-light) solid;
    outline-offset: 2px;
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 var(--focus-ring-size) var(--focus-dark);
}

.article-body-shell {
    margin-top: var(--sp-6);
    padding-top: var(--sp-2);
}

.article-rights {
    margin: var(--sp-5) 0;
}

.mobile-downloads {
    margin: var(--sp-5) 0;
    padding: var(--sp-4);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    background: var(--surface-muted);
}

/* Sidebar redesign */
.left-bar .article-menu.article-sidebar,
.article-sidebar {
    background:
        linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(30, 51, 95, .035), transparent 110px),
        #fff;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    padding: 0;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    overflow: hidden;
}

.article-sidebar .sidebar-block {
    padding: 1.05rem 1.15rem 1.15rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.article-sidebar .sidebar-block:last-child {
    border-bottom: 0;
}

.article-sidebar .sidebar-block-muted {
    background: var(--surface-muted);
}

.left-bar .article-menu h2,
.left-bar .article-menu h3,
.article-sidebar h2,
.article-sidebar h3,
.toc-panel h2 {
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 800;
    letter-spacing: .1em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--brand-700);
    margin: 0 0 .85rem;
    padding: 0 0 .55rem;
    border-bottom: 0;
}

.left-bar .article-menu h2::after,
.article-sidebar h2::after,
.toc-panel h2::after {
    display: none;
}

[dir="rtl"] .left-bar .article-menu h2,
[dir="rtl"] .article-sidebar h2,
[dir="rtl"] .toc-panel h2 {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

.article-sidebar .muted-label {
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

.download-list,
.plain-list,
.checksum-list,
.info-list {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
}

.download-list {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: .45rem;
}

.download-chip {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: .5rem;
    width: 100%;
    padding: .6rem .75rem;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    background: #fff;
    color: var(--brand-900);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    transition: background .15s var(--ease), border-color .15s var(--ease), transform .15s var(--ease);
}

.download-chip:hover,
.download-chip:focus {
    background: var(--accent-soft);
    border-color: rgba(63, 115, 92, .35);
    color: var(--brand-900);
    text-decoration: none;
    transform: translateY(-1px);
}

.info-list li {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: minmax(0, .95fr) minmax(0, 1.2fr);
    gap: .55rem .75rem;
    padding: .55rem 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    align-items: start;
}

.info-list li:last-child {
    border-bottom: 0;
    padding-bottom: 0;
}

.info-label {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 800;
    letter-spacing: .04em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--text-muted);
}

[dir="rtl"] .info-label {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

.info-value {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    color: var(--text);
    font-weight: 600;
    line-height: 1.45;
    word-break: break-word;
}

.sidebar-prose {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.6;
    color: var(--text);
    margin: 0;
}

.metrics-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
    gap: .65rem;
}

.metric-card {
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, #FFFcf8, var(--surface-muted));
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    padding: .8rem .7rem;
    text-align: center;
}

.metric-value {
    display: block;
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-size: 1.35rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--brand-900);
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    line-height: 1.1;
}

.metric-label {
    display: block;
    margin-top: .25rem;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: .05em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--text-muted);
}

[dir="rtl"] .metric-label {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

.metrics-extra {
    margin-top: .75rem;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    color: var(--text-muted);
}

.citation-actions {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(6.25rem, 1fr));
    gap: var(--sp-2);
}

.citation-btn {
    width: 100%;
    min-width: 0;
    margin: 0;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    text-align: center;
    min-height: 2.5rem;
    font-size: .82rem;
    padding-inline: .45rem;
    unicode-bidi: isolate;
}

.share-box .share-input {
    font-size: .82rem;
    direction: ltr;
}

.share-box {
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.article-sidebar .share-box {
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-4);
}

.share-input-group .form-control {
    border-start-end-radius: 0;
    border-end-end-radius: 0;
}

.checksum-list li {
    padding: .45rem 0;
    border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--rule);
}

.checksum-list li:last-child {
    border-bottom: 0;
}

.checksum-label {
    display: block;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--brand-900);
    margin-bottom: .15rem;
}

.checksum-list code {
    display: block;
    font-size: .72rem;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    word-break: break-all;
    background: transparent;
    padding: 0;
    direction: ltr;
    unicode-bidi: isolate;
    text-align: start;
}

.credit-chip {
    display: inline-block;
    margin: .15rem .2rem .15rem 0;
    padding: .15rem .5rem;
    border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
    background: var(--surface-muted);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 600;
}

/* Author details list inside sidebar */
.article-sidebar .list-no-bullet,
.article-sidebar .flex.direction-column {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: .75rem;
}

.article-sidebar .list-no-bullet > li,
.article-sidebar .flex.direction-column > li {
    padding-bottom: .75rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.5;
}

.article-sidebar .list-no-bullet > li:last-child,
.article-sidebar .flex.direction-column > li:last-child {
    border-bottom: 0;
    padding-bottom: 0;
}

/* TOC panel */
.toc-panel {
    margin-top: var(--sp-5);
    background: #fff;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
    padding: 1.05rem 1.15rem 1.15rem;
}

.table-of-contents,
#toc.table-of-contents {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
}

.table-of-contents a,
#toc a {
    display: block;
    padding: .4rem 0;
    color: var(--brand-900);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 600;
    border-inline-start: 2px solid transparent;
    padding-inline-start: .55rem;
    line-height: 1.45;
}

.table-of-contents a:hover,
.table-of-contents a:focus,
#toc a:hover,
#toc a:focus {
    color: var(--accent);
    border-inline-start-color: var(--accent);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.proofing-note {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    color: var(--text-muted);
    margin-top: .75rem;
}

.text-success {
    color: var(--accent) !important;
}

/* Improve long-form article rhythm a bit more on this page */
#main_article {
    margin-top: var(--sp-4);
}

#main_article > p:first-child {
    font-size: 1.05em;
}

@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
    .article-layout .left-bar {
        margin-top: var(--sp-6);
    }

    .left-bar {
        position: static;
    }

    #reading-options.reading-toolbar {
        margin-inline: auto 0;
    }
}


/* ==========================================================================
   tarbiya round 4 — polish
   Contrast hardening, mobile refinements, search/carousel shells,
   sticky nav feel, denser Arabic secondary labels.
   ========================================================================== */

:root {
    --brand-link: #23467F;
    --accent: #3F735C;
    --accent-soft: #E4F0E9;
    --text-muted: #4E5661;
    --focus-dark: #1E335F;
    --safe-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px);
}

/* Stronger sticky header on scroll-like feel for compact screens */
@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
    body {
        margin-top: 0 !important;
        margin-bottom: 0 !important;
    }

    .container {
        border: 0;
        border-radius: 0;
        box-shadow: none;
        max-width: 100%;
    }

    .site-header {
        position: sticky;
        top: 0;
        z-index: 1040;
    }

    .masthead {
        padding: 1rem 1rem .85rem;
        gap: .85rem;
    }

    .masthead-logo {
        max-height: 56px;
        max-width: 140px;
    }

    .masthead-title {
        font-size: 1.2rem;
        line-height: 1.25;
    }

    .masthead-kicker {
        font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    }

    .navbar-custom {
        padding: 0 .35rem;
    }

    .navbar-custom .navbar-nav .nav-link {
        padding: .8rem .9rem;
        border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08);
    }

    .navbar-custom .nav-item.active .nav-link,
    .navbar-custom .nav-item:hover .nav-link,
    .navbar-custom .nav-item:focus-within .nav-link {
        border-bottom-color: rgba(196, 163, 90, .9);
        background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
    }

    main {
        padding: 1.15rem 1rem 2rem;
    }

    .page-title {
        font-size: 1.65rem;
    }

    .page-lede {
        font-size: 1rem;
    }

    .article-headline {
        max-width: none;
        font-size: 1.55rem;
    }

    .article-opener-body {
        padding: 1.15rem 1rem 1.25rem;
    }

    .article-actions {
        gap: .5rem;
    }

    .article-action-btn {
        width: 100%;
        justify-content: center;
    }

    .reading-toolbar,
    #reading-options.reading-toolbar {
        width: 100%;
        margin: 0 0 1rem;
    }

    .reading-toolbar-inner {
        width: 100%;
        justify-content: space-between;
        border-radius: var(--radius-md);
        padding: .45rem .55rem;
    }

    .feature-card-media .clean-banner-image,
    .feature-card-media .clean-banner,
    .feature-card-media.clean-banner {
        min-height: 150px;
        height: 150px;
        max-height: 150px;
    }

    .issue-hero {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        align-items: stretch;
    }

    .issue-hero-media {
        min-height: 0;
        max-height: none;
    }

    .issue-hero-image {
        position: static;
        max-width: 100%;
        max-height: 70vh;
        width: auto;
        height: auto;
    }

    .issue-hero-body {
        padding: 1.15rem 1rem 1.3rem;
    }

    .side-panel {
        position: static;
    }

    .listing-panel,
    .content-panel,
    .side-panel,
    .about-panel-inner {
        border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    }

    .footer-grid {
        gap: 1.25rem;
    }

    .site-footer {
        padding: 1.75rem 1rem calc(1.75rem + var(--safe-bottom));
    }

    .site-footer .col-md-6:last-child ul {
        justify-content: flex-start;
    }

    /* Article meta chips wrap better */
    .meta-item {
        white-space: normal;
    }

    .info-list li {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: .15rem;
    }

    .metrics-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
    .article-row {
        flex-direction: row;
    }

    .article-row .article-title {
        font-size: 1.05rem;
    }

    .issue-grid,
    .editorial-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    .feature-card-cta {
        font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    }

    .about-panel-inner {
        padding: 1.25rem 1.1rem;
    }

    .carousel-caption {
        padding: .9rem 1rem;
    }

    .carousel-heading {
        font-size: 1.05rem;
    }
}

/* Search panel */
.search-panel {
    margin-bottom: .25rem;
}

.search-panel-inner {
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    background:
        radial-gradient(700px 180px at 100% 0%, rgba(63, 115, 92, .08), transparent 55%),
        linear-gradient(180deg, #FFFcf8, #fff);
    padding: 1.25rem 1.2rem 1.35rem;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

.search-panel-header {
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.search-bar-group .form-control {
    min-height: 3rem;
    border-color: var(--rule);
    font-size: 1rem;
}

.search-bar-group .input-group-text {
    min-height: 3rem;
    background: var(--surface-muted);
    border-color: var(--rule);
    color: var(--brand-700);
}

.search-bar-group .btn {
    min-height: 3rem;
    padding-inline: 1.15rem;
    border-top-left-radius: 0;
    border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
}

[dir="rtl"] .search-bar-group .btn {
    border-radius: var(--radius-md) 0 0 var(--radius-md);
}

[dir="rtl"] .search-bar-group .form-control {
    border-radius: 0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md) 0;
}

/* Carousel polish */
.tarbiya-carousel,
.carousel-panel .carousel {
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    overflow: hidden;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    background: var(--brand-900);
}

.tarbiya-carousel .clean-banner.explicit-image-height .clean-banner-image,
.carousel-panel .clean-banner.explicit-image-height .clean-banner-image {
    height: 280px;
    object-fit: cover;
    filter: saturate(.92) contrast(1.04);
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .tarbiya-carousel .clean-banner.explicit-image-height .clean-banner-image,
    .carousel-panel .clean-banner.explicit-image-height .clean-banner-image {
        height: 360px;
    }
}

.carousel-caption {
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent, rgba(22, 36, 71, .92));
    text-align: start;
    padding: 1.5rem 1.25rem 1.15rem;
}

.carousel-kicker {
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: .06em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,.78);
    margin-bottom: .35rem;
}

[dir="rtl"] .carousel-kicker {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

.carousel-heading {
    margin: 0;
    font-size: clamp(1.15rem, 2vw, 1.55rem);
    line-height: 1.3;
}

.carousel-heading a {
    color: #fff;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.carousel-heading a:hover,
.carousel-heading a:focus {
    color: #fff;
    text-decoration: underline;
    text-underline-offset: 3px;
}

.carousel-toolbar,
#carousel-buttons.carousel-toolbar {
    position: absolute;
    top: .75rem;
    inset-inline-end: .75rem;
    margin: 0;
    display: inline-flex;
    gap: .35rem;
    z-index: 3;
}

.carousel-toolbar .btn {
    min-width: 2.2rem;
    min-height: 2.2rem;
    border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
    background: rgba(255,252,247,.92);
    border-color: rgba(255,255,255,.5);
    color: var(--brand-900);
}

/* Arabic secondary labels: less English editorial affectation */
[dir="rtl"] .eyebrow,
[dir="rtl"] .masthead-kicker,
[dir="rtl"] .side-panel-title,
[dir="rtl"] .content-panel-title,
[dir="rtl"] .reading-toolbar-label,
[dir="rtl"] .issue-card-badge,
[dir="rtl"] .metric-label,
[dir="rtl"] .info-label,
[dir="rtl"] .status-pill,
[dir="rtl"] .feature-card-cta,
[dir="rtl"] .cite-card-header h2,
[dir="rtl"] .left-bar .article-menu h2,
[dir="rtl"] .article-sidebar h2,
[dir="rtl"] .toc-panel h2 {
    letter-spacing: 0;
    text-transform: none;
}

/* Touch targets */
@media (hover: none) and (pointer: coarse) {
    .navbar-custom .navbar-nav .nav-link,
    .download-chip,
    .citation-btn,
    .article-action-btn,
    .btn {
        min-height: 2.6rem;
    }

    .feature-card:hover,
    .issue-card:hover,
    .editor-card:hover,
    .news-card:hover {
        transform: none;
    }
}

/* Contrast helpers for sage accents used as text */
.eyebrow,
.feature-card-cta a,
.archive-list-item.is-active a,
.editor-profile-link a {
    color: var(--accent);
}

/* Ensure focus ring uses hardened brand */
:root {
    --focus-light: #F9F6EF;
    --focus-dark: #1E335F;
}

/* Slightly denser footer links on mobile */
@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
    .site-footer ul {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: flex-start;
        gap: .65rem;
    }
}

/* Prevent horizontal overflow from long DOIs / checksums */
main, .article-main, .article-sidebar, .meta-doi, .checksum-list code {
    overflow-wrap: anywhere;
}

/* Homepage search bar inherited selectors */
.homepage-element-search-bar input[type="text"],
.homepage-element-search-bar input[type="search"],
.homepage-element-search-bar .input-group-text {
    font-size: 1rem;
}


/* ==========================================================================
   Janway installation branding
   Tuned for: مجلة جانوي للأبحاث العلمية / دار جانوي للنشر العلمي
   ========================================================================== */

:root {
    --brand-950: #122445;
    --brand-900: #1A335F;
    --brand-800: #254579;
    --brand-700: #35578A;
    --brand-link: #1F457F;
    --accent: #3C6E5A;
    --accent-soft: #E5F0EA;
    --gold: #C2A15A;
    --surface: #F4F0E8;
    --surface-muted: #EBE4D9;
    --surface-elevated: #FFFcf7;
    --header-grad: linear-gradient(135deg, #122445 0%, #1A335F 48%, #254579 100%);
    --header-sheen: radial-gradient(1200px 280px at 85% -20%, rgba(60, 110, 90, .20), transparent 55%);
}

/* When no logo is uploaded, give the title block a premium journal feel */
.masthead-titles {
    position: relative;
}

.masthead-kicker {
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .74);
}

/* ISSN chips more "journal masthead" */
.masthead-issn {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .09);
    border-color: rgba(194, 161, 90, .35);
}

/* About panel becomes a brand statement band */
.about-panel-inner {
    background:
        radial-gradient(800px 220px at 0% 0%, rgba(194, 161, 90, .14), transparent 50%),
        radial-gradient(800px 220px at 100% 100%, rgba(60, 110, 90, .12), transparent 45%),
        linear-gradient(135deg, #122445 0%, #1A335F 48%, #254579 100%);
}

/* Homepage section rhythm for a research journal, not a magazine */
.section-title {
    max-width: 28ch;
}

[dir="rtl"] .section-title {
    max-width: 34ch;
}


/* --- Hover jitter fix (title links) ---------------------------------------- */
/* Inherited clean-theme focus helpers flipped display/margin on hover/focus,
   which made article titles vibrate and hard to click. Keep anchors geometry
   stable across states. */

.feature-card-title a,
.feature-card-title a:hover,
.feature-card-title a:focus,
.news-card-title a,
.news-card-title a:hover,
.news-card-title a:focus,
.issue-card,
.issue-card:hover,
.issue-card:focus {
    margin: 0 !important;
    transform: none; /* avoid layout fighting with sticky sections */
}

.feature-card-title a,
.news-card-title a {
    display: inline !important;
    padding: 0 !important;
}

.feature-card:hover,
.feature-card:focus-within {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
}

.issue-card:hover,
.issue-card:focus {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
}

/* Don't lift thumbnails in a way that reflows text hit-testing */
.article-row:hover .article-thumbnail {
    transform: none;
}

/* Meta chips should not steal awkward hit areas under titles */
.article-row .meta-row {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 1;
}

.article-row-link {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 2;
}


/* ==========================================================================
   Scale calm-down
   Prevent oversized headings/listings that look "zoomed" or distorted.
   ========================================================================== */

html {
    font-size: 100%;
}

body {
    font-size: 0.98rem;
}

/* Kill leftover clean-theme oversized title rules */
.article-title,
h2.article-title,
h3.article-title,
h4.article-title {
    font-size: 1.08rem !important;
    line-height: 1.4 !important;
    font-weight: 650;
}

.article-headline.article-title,
h1.article-title,
h1.article-headline {
    font-size: clamp(1.35rem, 2vw, 1.85rem) !important;
    line-height: 1.35 !important;
    font-weight: 700;
}

.issue-section {
    margin-top: 1.6rem;
}

.issue-section-list .article-row + .article-row {
    margin-top: 0;
}

.byline {
    font-size: 0.86rem;
    margin-bottom: 0.45rem;
    font-weight: 500;
}

.page-header {
    margin-bottom: 1.35rem;
    padding-bottom: 0.9rem;
}

.page-lede {
    font-size: 0.98rem;
    line-height: 1.6;
}

.section-header {
    margin-bottom: 0.9rem;
}

/* Homepage section headings like "أحدث الأخبار" */
.homepage-element-wrapper h2.section-title,
.homepage-element-wrapper h2.index-header,
main h2.index-header {
    font-size: 1.3rem !important;
    line-height: 1.35;
}

/* Cards / news */
.news-card-title {
    font-size: 1.05rem !important;
    line-height: 1.4;
}

.editor-name {
    font-size: 1.05rem !important;
}

.issue-card-title {
    font-size: 1rem !important;
    line-height: 1.35;
}

/* Main content reading size */
#article {
    font-size: 1.02rem;
    line-height: 1.75;
}

#article > h2:first-child + p,
.article-abstract-body {
    font-size: 1.04rem !important;
    line-height: 1.7;
}

/* Less airy main padding */
main {
    padding: 1.35rem 1.15rem 2rem;
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    main {
        padding: 1.75rem 1.75rem 2.5rem;
    }
    body {
        margin-top: 1.75rem;
        margin-bottom: 1.75rem;
    }
}

/* Pagination not oversized */
.pagination-block .btn,
.site-pagination .btn,
.page-item .page-link {
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    min-width: 2.25rem;
    min-height: 2.25rem;
    padding: 0.35rem 0.65rem;
}


/* Current issue hero links */
.issue-hero-media {
    display: block;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: inherit;
}

.issue-hero-link,
.issue-hero-link:hover,
.issue-hero-link:focus {
    color: inherit;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.issue-hero-link:hover,
.issue-hero-link:focus {
    color: var(--brand-800);
}

.issue-hero-actions {
    margin-top: 0.9rem;
}

.issue-hero-cta {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    min-height: 2.35rem;
    padding-inline: 1rem;
    font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.section-title-link,
.section-title-link:hover,
.section-title-link:focus {
    color: inherit;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.section-title-link:hover {
    color: var(--brand-800);
}

.issue-hero:hover .issue-hero-image {
    filter: saturate(.98) contrast(1.05);
}


/* Issue hero title calm */
.issue-hero-title,
.issue-hero-title a,
h1.issue-hero-title,
h2.issue-hero-title {
    font-size: clamp(1.1rem, 1.5vw, 1.35rem) !important;
    line-height: 1.45 !important;
    font-weight: 650 !important;
    letter-spacing: -0.01em !important;
}








/* Align reading toolbar + sidebar with article-opener outer edge */
#article_opener.row,
#article_metadata.row.article-layout {
    margin-left: -15px;
    margin-right: -15px;
}

#article_opener > [class*="col-"],
.article-layout > .article-main-col,
.article-layout > .left-bar {
    padding-left: 15px;
    padding-right: 15px;
}

.left-bar-top {
    margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}

/* Toolbar fills the same content box as the sidebar card */
.left-bar-top #reading-options.reading-toolbar,
.left-bar-top .reading-toolbar {
    position: static !important;
    top: auto;
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 100%;
    margin: 0 !important;
    display: block;
}

.left-bar-top .reading-toolbar-inner {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 100%;
    justify-content: space-between;
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

.left-bar .article-sidebar,
.left-bar .article-menu.article-sidebar,
.left-bar .toc-panel {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 100%;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

/* Opener, toolbar and sidebar share the same left/right content edges */
.article-opener,
.left-bar-top .reading-toolbar-inner,
.left-bar .article-sidebar {
    margin-left: 0;
    margin-right: 0;
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .left-bar {
        position: sticky;
        top: 0.85rem;
        align-self: start;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
    .left-bar-top {
        margin-bottom: 0.85rem;
    }
}

[dir="rtl"] .left-bar-top #reading-options.reading-toolbar,
[dir="ltr"] .left-bar-top #reading-options.reading-toolbar {
    margin-left: 0 !important;
    margin-right: 0 !important;
}


/* Language switcher */
.language-nav-item {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    padding: 0.45rem 0.55rem;
}

.language-switcher-form {
    margin: 0;
}

.language-switcher-control {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.4rem;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.22);
    border-radius: 999px;
    padding: 0.25rem 0.65rem;
    color: #fff;
}

.language-switcher-control .fa {
    opacity: 0.9;
    font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.language-switcher-select {
    appearance: none;
    -webkit-appearance: none;
    background: transparent;
    border: 0;
    color: #fff;
    font-size: 0.86rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    line-height: 1.2;
    padding: 0.2rem 0.9rem 0.2rem 0;
    min-width: 5.5rem;
    cursor: pointer;
}

.language-switcher-select option {
    color: #1a2030;
    background: #fff;
}

.language-switcher-select:focus {
    outline: none;
}

/* Footer language select polish */
.site-footer .language-switcher-select,
.site-footer select[name="language"] {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
    color: #fff;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.28);
    border-radius: 999px;
    padding: 0.25rem 0.7rem;
    font-size: 0.82rem;
}

.site-footer select[name="language"] option {
    color: #1a2030;
}

@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
    .language-nav-item {
        width: 100%;
        padding: 0.65rem 0.9rem 1rem;
    }

    .language-switcher-control {
        width: 100%;
        justify-content: space-between;
    }

    .language-switcher-select {
        width: 100%;
    }
}


/* Visible language switcher in masthead */
.masthead {
    display: flex !important;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    gap: 1rem;
}

.masthead-tools {
    flex: 0 0 auto;
    margin-inline-start: auto;
    z-index: 2;
}

.language-switcher-buttons {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.3rem;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.14);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);
    border-radius: 999px;
    padding: 0.2rem;
}

.language-switcher-form {
    margin: 0;
    display: inline;
}

.language-btn {
    border: 0;
    background: transparent;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.92);
    font-size: 0.86rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    line-height: 1;
    padding: 0.48rem 0.85rem;
    border-radius: 999px;
    cursor: pointer;
    min-height: 2.05rem;
}

.language-btn:hover,
.language-btn:focus {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.16);
    color: #fff;
    outline: none;
}

.language-btn.is-active {
    background: #fff;
    color: var(--brand-900);
    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.14);
}

@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
    .masthead {
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        align-items: flex-start;
    }
    .masthead-tools {
        width: 100%;
        margin-top: 0.25rem;
    }
    .language-switcher-buttons {
        width: 100%;
    }
    .language-switcher-form {
        flex: 1 1 50%;
        display: block;
    }
    .language-btn {
        width: 100%;
    }
}


.site-header { overflow: visible !important; }
.masthead { overflow: visible !important; }
.masthead-tools { display: block !important; }

/* --- Nav dropdowns vs. the admin stylesheet -------------------------------- */

/* Janeway's admin/css/app.css (loaded on submission, account and affiliation
   pages) sets `main { position: relative }`. That makes <main> paint above the
   masthead's Bootstrap dropdown menus even though they carry z-index 1000, so
   every click on a menu item landed on <main> instead — which Bootstrap reads
   as an outside click and closes the menu. Giving the header its own layer
   above <main> restores the menus. Verified by hit-testing the rendered page. */
body header.site-header {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 1100;
}

body header.site-header .dropdown-menu {
    z-index: 1110;
}

/* --- Masthead search ------------------------------------------------------- */

.masthead-tools {
    display: flex !important;
    align-items: center;
    gap: .6rem;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.masthead-search {
    display: flex;
    align-items: stretch;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .12);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .28);
    border-radius: 999px;
    overflow: hidden;
    height: 2.35rem;
}

.masthead-search:focus-within {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .18);
    border-color: var(--gold);
}

.masthead-search-input {
    width: 9.5rem;
    border: 0;
    background: transparent;
    color: var(--text-inverse);
    font-family: inherit;
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    padding: 0 .85rem;
    min-width: 0;
}

.masthead-search-input::placeholder {
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);
}

.masthead-search-input:focus {
    outline: none;
    box-shadow: none;
}

.masthead-search-btn {
    border: 0;
    background: transparent;
    color: var(--text-inverse);
    padding: 0 .7rem;
    cursor: pointer;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
}

.masthead-search-btn:hover,
.masthead-search-btn:focus {
    color: var(--gold);
}

@media (min-width: 1200px) {
    .masthead-search-input { width: 12rem; }
}

@media (max-width: 767px) {
    .masthead-tools {
        width: 100%;
        gap: .5rem;
    }
    .masthead-search {
        flex: 1 1 auto;
        order: 2;
    }
    .masthead-search-input { width: 100%; }
}

/* --- Page shell: sticky footer + roomier width ----------------------------- */

/* The header, main and footer all live inside a single .container card. Making
   body a flex column and letting the card grow keeps the footer pinned to the
   bottom of the viewport on short pages (empty issue lists, 404s, search with
   no results) instead of floating up under the content. */
html {
    min-height: 100%;
}

body {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    min-height: 100vh;
    /* The inset around the card used to be a margin, which sits outside the
       100vh min-height and forced a scrollbar on every short page. Padding is
       inside the box, so the card can fill the viewport exactly. */
    margin-top: 0;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    padding-top: 20px;
    padding-bottom: 20px;
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    body {
        padding-top: var(--sp-7);
        padding-bottom: var(--sp-7);
    }
}

@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
    body {
        padding-top: 0;
        padding-bottom: 0;
    }
}

body > .container {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    flex: 1 0 auto;
}

body > .container > main {
    flex: 1 0 auto;
}

body > .container > .site-footer {
    margin-top: auto;
}

/* The card was capped at 1040px, which left very wide empty margins on large
   displays while staying cramped on small ones. Scale it with the viewport
   instead, keeping a small gutter either side. */
@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .container {
        max-width: min(1320px, 94vw);
    }
}

@media (min-width: 1600px) {
    .container {
        max-width: 1440px;
    }
}

/* Below the desktop breakpoint use nearly the whole width — Bootstrap's
   540/720/960px caps made the theme look pinched on tablets and phones. */
@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
    .container {
        max-width: 100%;
        width: 100%;
    }

    body {
        margin-top: 0;
    }
}

/* --- CMS content pages with sidebar ---------------------------------------- */

.cms-page-with-aside {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: var(--sp-5);
    align-items: start;
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .cms-page-with-aside {
        grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(240px, 300px);
    }
}

.cms-main {
    min-width: 0;
}

.cms-aside {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: var(--sp-4);
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .cms-aside {
        position: sticky;
        top: var(--sp-4);
    }
}

.cms-aside-card {
    background: var(--surface-muted);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    padding: var(--sp-4) var(--sp-4) var(--sp-5);
    font-size: var(--fs-sm);
    line-height: 1.8;
}

.cms-aside-card > :first-child {
    margin-top: 0;
}

.cms-aside-card > :last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.cms-aside-card h2,
.cms-aside-card h3,
.cms-aside-title {
    font-size: var(--fs-md) !important;
    color: var(--brand-900) !important;
    margin: 0 0 var(--sp-3) !important;
    padding-bottom: var(--sp-2);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.cms-aside-card ul {
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.cms-aside-card li {
    padding: .3rem 0;
}

.cms-aside-card a {
    color: var(--brand-link);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.cms-aside-card a:hover,
.cms-aside-card a:focus {
    text-decoration: underline;
}

/* A call-to-action button dropped into the sidebar HTML. */
.cms-aside-card .btn,
.cms-aside-card .button {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: .4rem;
    width: 100%;
    padding: .6rem 1rem;
    border-radius: var(--radius);
    background: var(--brand-900);
    color: var(--text-inverse);
    font-weight: 700;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.cms-aside-card .btn:hover,
.cms-aside-card .button:hover {
    background: var(--brand-800);
    text-decoration: none;
}

/* --- Error pages (403 / 404) ------------------------------------------------ */

.error-page {
    max-width: 46rem;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: var(--sp-6) 0 var(--sp-7);
    text-align: center;
}

.error-page .page-header {
    text-align: center;
}

.error-page .page-header::after {
    margin-inline: auto;
}

.error-page .page-lede {
    max-width: 40ch;
    margin-inline: auto;
}

.error-code {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-size: clamp(3rem, 8vw, 4.5rem);
    font-weight: 800;
    line-height: 1;
    color: var(--gold);
    margin: 0 0 var(--sp-3);
    letter-spacing: .02em;
}

.error-body {
    background: var(--surface-elevated);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    padding: var(--sp-4) var(--sp-5);
    text-align: start;
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-5);
}

.error-hint {
    color: var(--text-muted);
    margin-bottom: var(--sp-3);
}

.error-search {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: .6rem;
    justify-content: center;
    margin: var(--sp-5) 0;
}

.error-search input[type="search"] {
    flex: 1 1 18rem;
    max-width: 24rem;
    padding: .65rem .85rem;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 8px;
    background: var(--surface-elevated);
    color: var(--text);
    font: inherit;
}

.error-search input[type="search"]:focus {
    outline: none;
    border-color: var(--brand-700);
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(53, 87, 138, .14);
}

.error-links {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: .5rem 1.5rem;
    justify-content: center;
    padding-top: var(--sp-4);
    margin-top: var(--sp-4);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.error-links a {
    color: var(--brand-link);
    font-weight: 600;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.error-links a:hover,
.error-links a:focus {
    text-decoration: underline;
}

/* Primary download action in the article sidebar — filled, not outlined. */
.download-chip.download-chip-primary {
    background: var(--brand-900);
    border-color: var(--brand-900);
    color: var(--text-inverse);
}

.download-chip.download-chip-primary:hover,
.download-chip.download-chip-primary:focus {
    background: var(--brand-800);
    border-color: var(--brand-800);
    color: var(--text-inverse);
}

/* --- Article share buttons -------------------------------------------------- */

.share-networks {
    list-style: none;
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: var(--sp-3);
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.article-sidebar .share-networks {
    padding-top: var(--sp-4);
}

.share-networks > li {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.share-network {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 2.5rem;
    height: 2.5rem;
    border-radius: 999px;
    color: #fff;
    font-size: 1rem;
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: transform .15s var(--ease), filter .15s var(--ease);
}

.share-network:hover,
.share-network:focus {
    color: #fff;
    text-decoration: none;
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    filter: brightness(1.08);
}

.share-network:focus-visible {
    outline: var(--focus-ring-size, 3px) solid var(--gold);
    outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* Official brand colours. */
.share-x        { background: #000000; }
.share-whatsapp { background: #25D366; }
.share-linkedin { background: #0A66C2; }
.share-facebook { background: #1877F2; }
.share-telegram { background: #229ED9; }
.share-email    { background: var(--brand-700); }

/* Copyright / platform line at the foot of the journal footer. */
.footer-legal {
    margin-top: var(--sp-3);
    padding-top: 0;
    border-top: 0;
    text-align: center;
    color: rgba(247, 244, 238, .72);
}

.footer-legal small {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--sp-2);
}

.footer-legal a {
    color: var(--gold);
    text-decoration: none;
    border-bottom: 0;
    font-weight: 600;
}

.footer-legal a:hover,
.footer-legal a:focus {
    color: var(--gold);
    text-decoration: none;
    border-bottom: 0;
}

.footer-legal a:focus-visible {
    outline: 2px var(--focus-light) solid;
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 var(--focus-ring-size) var(--focus-dark);
}

.footer-legal-sep {
    margin: 0;
    opacity: .6;
}